Globular clusters: what they are and the best ones to observe

Globular clusters: what they are and the best ones to observe

Globular clusters are some of the most beautiful objects to observe through a telescope. Discover the science of globulars and the best to see in the night sky.

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Published: May 10, 2021 at 10:19 am

Globular clusters are tightly-packed spherical agglomerations of stars and are thought to be some of the oldest objects in the Universe. ‘Globulars’, as they are sometimes called, are both beautiful and enigmatic star clusters: they can make you slow down to ponder the history and future of the cosmos.

Globular clusters appear to be found in the haloes of most large galaxies, with numbers generally increasing with the size of the galaxy.

For example, giant elliptical galaxy M87 may have more than 10,000 globulars, as compared to the Milky Way’s 160 or so. Some sources say there may be a few more yet to discover in our home Galaxy.

More more guides like this, read our tutorial on deep-sky astronomy, our pick of the best deep-sky objects around Polaris and our guide to deep-sky catalogues.

Globular cluster M22
Credit: Michael / CCDGuide.com

Most globulars contain hundreds of thousands of stars but some, like Omega Centauri, can host millions. We’ve known about globulars for a long time: the first observation was M22 (pictured above), by German astronomer Abraham Ihle in 1665.

Below we'll reveal some of the best globular clusters to view through a telescope in the night sky, and how you can observe them for yourself.

Observing globular clusters

Globular cluster NGC 6397, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Globular cluster NGC 6397, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.

For astronomers, globular clusters look good through any optics and become more impressive with increasing aperture.I always find my eyepiece experience is enhanced when I understand a little about the nature of my observing targets.

The individual stars within globular clusters are rather faint as seen from Earth, so star colour is elusive at the eyepiece.

However, images of globular clusters often show more reddish stars than blue ones. This hints at their great age: often more than 10 billion years.

Their stars are among the oldest in our Galaxy. It can be interesting to compare the eyepiece impression with what can be captured through astrophotography.

Most of the hot blue stars have consumed their hydrogen fuel and dimmed, so the redder stars now dominate.

Some of the blue stars in globulars belong to a group known as ‘blue stragglers’ – blue stars that have persisted longer than most.

Their evolution is thought to be altered as a result of interstellar interactions in a globular’s relatively high star-density environment.

Small Magellanic Cloud & 47 Tucanae Michael Sidoni, Canberra, Australia, 5 November 2017 Equipment: FLI ProLine PL16803 CCD camera, Takahashi FSQ106EDX4 refractor, Starlight Xpress Lodestar Autoguider.
The Small Magellanic Cloud and 47 Tucanae, Michael Sidoni, Canberra, Australia, 5 November 2017. Equipment: FLI ProLine PL16803 CCD camera, Takahashi FSQ106EDX4 refractor, Starlight Xpress Lodestar Autoguider.

The best-in-class globular clusters are located in the Southern Hemisphere sky, where specimens such as Omega (ω) Centauri and 47 Tucanae outshine any globular visible from mid-northern latitudes.

Where I live in southern Canada, the cold, cloud and snow can make winter observing a challenge, but eventually the temperatures moderate, the clouds part and the snow melts.

That’s when I get my 10- and 20-inch (250mm and 300mm) Dobsonian telescopes out to view my favourite eyepiece targets.

Viewing globular clusters through the eyepiece

Globular Cluster NGC 6752 Roger Hutchinson, Siding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia, 16 July 2017. Equipment: FLI PL6303E CCD camera, PlaneWave CDK 510mm telescope, PlaneWave Ascension 200HR. (IIAPY 2018 category: Robotic Scope).
Globular Cluster NGC 6752Roger Hutchinson, Siding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia, 16 July 2017.Equipment: FLI PL6303E CCD camera, PlaneWave CDK 510mm telescope, PlaneWave Ascension 200HR. (IIAPY 2018 category: Robotic Scope).

Although many of the most-viewed globulars appear visually similar to each other, there are interesting differences between them that are revealed through careful scrutiny.

These will be discussed for individual targets in my globular cluster observing guide below, but let’s begin with some general things to look for when studying globular clusters at the eyepiece.

Most obvious, perhaps, is the variability in size and brightness, both of which depend upon distance, mass and any intervening dust.

Distance rules, of course, and several of the closest and largest globulars are even visible to the naked eye. In the eyepiece under a dark sky, these brighter globulars give the impression of white sugar spilled onto a black velvet tablecloth.

Globular cluster Omega Centauri, captured by Fernando Oliveira de Menezes, São Paul, Brazil.
Globular cluster Omega Centauri, captured by Fernando Oliveira de Menezes, São Paul, Brazil.

Globular clusters also show different degrees of condensation in their cores, leading astronomers Harlow Shapley (who took part in astronomy's Great Debate of 1920) and Helen Sawyer Hogg to develop a system in the 1920s for classifying globulars from most to least concentrated, using Roman numerals ‘I’ through ‘XII’, respectively.

When I am looking at a globular cluster, I try to discern its shape (round or oval), whether I see any interesting patterns or tendrils of stars, and whether more outlying stars are visible if I increase magnification, thereby also increasing contrast.

Any eyepiece impression is influenced by the surroundings within which an object is set. I enjoy hunting for galaxies near globular clusters – especially the spring globular clusters.

Palomar 9 (NGC 6717, Collinder 395 and others) is a Shapley-Sawyer class VIII globular cluster located approximately 23,000 light-years away in Sagittarius. It can be seen on the left, below bright star 35 Sgr. Credit: Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA, 11 July and 23 August 2016.
Palomar 9 (NGC 6717, Collinder 395 and others) is a Shapley-Sawyer class VIII globular cluster located approximately 23,000 light-years away in Sagittarius. It can be seen on the left, below bright star 35 Sgr. Credit: Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA, 11 July and 23 August 2016.

I also enjoy comparing and contrasting the views of globulars that are near each other in the sky.

Some globular clusters seem to occur in groups, although this is mainly a line-of-sight phenomenon rather than them being real ‘clusters of clusters’.This makes them easier to compare, because you don’t need to move your telescope far between targets.

For example, the constellation of Ophiuchus, the Serpent-bearer contains 20 globular clusters that are visible in a 10-to 12-inch (250mm to 300mm) telescope under clear, dark skies.

In one marathon summer observing session, I saw 16 of them through a home-made 16-inch (400mm) reflector, before Ophiuchus set on that crisp, clear August night.

Since many readers of this article will be, like me, located north of latitude 40˚ North, I’ve focused on targets that are easily visible from my locale.

With so many targets to choose from, it’s likely I’ve missed some of your favourite globular clusters, but I hope you’ll enjoy this tour of some of my favourites!

9 globular clusters to see in the sky

Spring

1

M5

M5. Manfred Wasshuber / CCD Guide.com
M5. Manfred Wasshuber / CCD Guide.com

The globulars available for viewing come fast and furious by late spring, with M5 being a must on your observing list.

It is easy to star-hop to M5, since it’s located at the western apex of a triangle formed with Alpha (α) Serpentis and Mu (µ) Serpentis.

It’s the brightest northern globular, at mag. +5.8, and one of the largest, so it is spectacular in the eyepiece of any scope. It is hard to discern where this cluster’s edge is, as it seems to fade away into the background sky.

2

M12

M12. Credit: Bernhard Hubl
Credit: Bernhard Hubl

About 9˚ east of M5 and south of the celestial equator you’ll find M12, with M10 about 3.25˚ further east. M10 and M12 appear similar to each other in the eyepiece.

For a very different eyepiece view, have a look at M107. It’s about 9˚ due south of, and half the size of, M10. To my eye it appears to have a more well-defined edge than its larger cousin.

3

M13

M13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. Credit: Manfred Wasshuber. / CCDGuide.com
M13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. Credit: Manfred Wasshuber. / CCDGuide.com

At almost the same right ascension as M12, but far to the north, you’ll find one of the several candidates for best northern globular cluster – M13.

Also known as the Hercules Cluster or the ‘Great Globular’, it is located just outside the longest edge of the Keystone asterism in the constellation of Hercules, the Hero about a third of the way from Eta (η) Herculis to Zeta (ζ) Herculis.

I can just see it with my unaided eye in my Bortle 4 sky on the clearest, darkest nights. It is easy in 10x42 binoculars, pretty in my 6-inch (150mm) reflector, and spectacular in anything bigger.

Southwest of the core there is a feature that looks clearly like a three-vaned propeller in images. It’s harder to see visually, but larger apertures make it more apparent.

Galaxy NGC 6207. Credit: Michael Breite, Stefan Heutz, Wolfgang Ries / CCDGuide.com
Galaxy NGC 6207. Credit: Michael Breite, Stefan Heutz, Wolfgang Ries / CCDGuide.com

If you need a faint fuzzy target after all that brightness, M13 shares a 1˚ field with two galaxies that are within visual range of amateur instruments.

NGC 6207 (above) isn’t too tough to pick out less than a Moon-width northeast of M13.

About halfway between it and M13 is the more challenging IC 4617, which I have occasionally glimpsed as a fuzzy speck in my 20-inch (500mm) reflector. Since my skies are less than perfect, you may be able to spot it with smaller apertures.

Autumn onwards

4

M15

Located in the constellation of Pegasus, 35,000 lightyears away, M15 is one of the oldest-known globular clusters – dating back 12 billion years. Hubble captured the swarming hot blue and cooler golden stars that become more concentrated towards M15’s bright core. Credit: ESA, Hubble, NASA
Credit: ESA, Hubble, NASA

In the second half of the year, M15 is a bright globular cluster of magnitude +6.4 that's easy to find from the nose of Pegasus, the Winged Horse.

To locate it, connect the dots from Theta (θ) Pegasi to Epsilon (ε) Pegasi, also known as Enif.

Continue about half the distance along the same line and you should spot M15 in binoculars or a finderscope.

It is one of four globulars known to contain a planetary nebula – Pease 1 – but I’ve never been able to see its mag. +15.5 glow.

5

M22

M22 - Globular Cluster by Ronald Piacenti Jr
M22 - Globular Cluster by Ronald Piacenti Jr

In early autumn you can be dazzled by another favourite globular cluster, M22, which is located in Sagittarius, the Archer. If it were higher in the sky, it would rival every cluster mentioned so far.

It is well-resolved in my 10-inch (250mm) reflector, and has an oval appearance in the eyepiece. It is set in the thick of the summer Milky Way, about 2.5˚ northeast of lamda (λ) Sagittarii, the naked-eye star that tops the lid of the Teapot asterism.

M71 is still impressive, but dimmer and smaller than M22, at around 7 arcminutes across. It appears in a field full of stars that enhance the view. Look just southeast of the line joining Gamma (γ) Sagittae and Delta (δ) Sagittae.

6

M72

M72 by Ron Brecher.
Credit: Ron Brecher.

Moving to Aquarius, the Water-bearer, let your eyes dark adapt to get the best out of M72, the faintest globular cluster in the Messier Catalogue. It’s located about 3.3˚ south-southwest of Epsilon (ε) Aquarii.

Although all the Messier objects are visible in binoculars, M72 is tough to spot and even harder to appreciate without a larger instrument.

My 10-inch (250mm) reflector at high power shows a fine gravelly texture, but individual stars are not distinct.

7

M2

M2, imaged by Ron Brecher. Credit: Ron Brecher
Credit: Ron Brecher

For a brighter target in Aquarius, visit M2; it makes an interesting comparison with M15, which is 13˚ to the north, since they’re almost the same size and overall brightness.

While M15 is, in fact, a little brighter, this impression is strongly enhanced for me in small instruments by M15’s much more concentrated core.

8

NGC 2419

NGC 2419. Credit: Bernhard Hubl / CCDGuide.com
NGC 2419. Credit: Bernhard Hubl / CCDGuide.com

When I look at NGC 2419, the ‘Intergalactic Wanderer’ I get a sense of loneliness and isolation.

Lynx, the Cat, its home constellation, attracts little attention from observers, since it contains no splashy deep-sky objects.

The field within which NGC 2419 lies contains few bright stars. Indeed, it lies at the edge of a region of space known as the ‘Intergalactic Void’ and the cluster has a small, distant appearance.

It can be observed in small refractors, but looks much better at high powers in a larger instrument. Its apparent dimness belies its great intrinsic brightness, which is attenuated by its great distance.

At around 300,000 lightyears, NGC 2419 lies further from Earth than the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds.

Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Credit: CEDIC Team   Christoph Kaltseis, CCDGuide.com
Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Credit: CEDIC Team Christoph Kaltseis, CCDGuide.com

Globular clusters are fine observing targets regardless of whether you yearn for a faint-fuzzy hunt or would prefer to take in a bright, easy-to-find target.

There are globulars accessible with almost every observing setup, from naked-eye to large-aperture scopes.

Not only do larger scopes reveal more, but the more you look the more you see. You will want to go back to them over and over.

And now with this article complete, I’m off to set up my homemade 10-inch reflector for an evening observing some – you guessed it – globular clusters!

Pictures of globular clusters

Below is a selection of images of globular clusters captured by astrophotographers and BBC Sky at Night Magazine readers. If you're an avid globular cluster photographer, don't forget to send us your images or share them with us via Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

SMC and 47 Tuc by Michael Sidonio, Canberra, Australia. Equipment: Takahashi FSQ106EDX4, FLI Proline 16803, CFW-5-7, Robofocus, LRGB, New Deep-Sky RGB Astronomik filters, Starlightxpress Lodestar
SMC and 47 Tuc by Michael Sidonio, Canberra, Australia. Equipment: Takahashi FSQ106EDX4, FLI Proline 16803, CFW-5-7, Robofocus, LRGB, New Deep-Sky RGB Astronomik filters, Starlightxpress Lodestar
47 Tucane - NGC104 by David Trotter, Sydney, Australia. Equipment: GSO RC8 Telescope, Sbig STL 6303e CCD, AP900 mount
47 Tucane - NGC104 by David Trotter, Sydney, Australia. Equipment: GSO RC8 Telescope, Sbig STL 6303e CCD, AP900 mount
NGC6397 - The Blue Stragglers by David Trotter, Australia. Equipment: GSO RC8, SBIG STL6303e CCD
NGC6397 - The Blue Stragglers by David Trotter, Australia. Equipment: GSO RC8, SBIG STL6303e CCD
NGC 6229 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT.
NGC 6229 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT.
Palomar 8 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT
Palomar 8 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT
Messier 10 by Peter Brown, Guernsey, Channel Islands. Equipment: Celestron CPC1100, Cannon DSLR.
Messier 10 by Peter Brown, Guernsey, Channel Islands. Equipment: Celestron CPC1100, Cannon DSLR.
M15 Globular Cluster by Tom Howard, Crawley, Sussex, UK. Equipment: Nikon D7000, Meade 5000 127mm refractor, EQ6.
M15 Globular Cluster by Tom Howard, Crawley, Sussex, UK. Equipment: Nikon D7000, Meade 5000 127mm refractor, EQ6.
M15 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L  camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
M15 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
M2 in Aquarius by Tom Howard, Crawley, Sussex, UK. Equipment: Nikon D7000, Meade 5000 127mm refractor, AZ EQ6-GT mount.
M2 in Aquarius by Tom Howard, Crawley, Sussex, UK. Equipment: Nikon D7000, Meade 5000 127mm refractor, AZ EQ6-GT mount.
M2 by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: BIG STL-11000M, Baader LRGB filters, 10
M2 by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: BIG STL-11000M, Baader LRGB filters, 10" ASA Astrograph, Paramount MX, STL-11000's internal guider, FocusMax.
M22 - Globular Cluster by Ronald Piacenti Junior, Norma Observatory, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Equipment: Celeste C6 XLT, HEQ5 Pro mount, ASI 174MC camera, captured with SharpCap 3.
M22 - Globular Cluster by Ronald Piacenti Junior, Norma Observatory, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Equipment: Celeste C6 XLT, HEQ5 Pro mount, ASI 174MC camera, captured with SharpCap 3.
M4 by Dan Crowson, Missouri, USA. Equipment: SBIG ST-8300M, Astro-Tech AT90EDT.
M4 by Dan Crowson, Missouri, USA. Equipment: SBIG ST-8300M, Astro-Tech AT90EDT.
M5 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron c11 SCT, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Canon Eos 1100d self-modified, Astronomik CLS CCD clip filter.
M5 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron c11 SCT, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Canon Eos 1100d self-modified, Astronomik CLS CCD clip filter.
Messier 5 by Peter Brown, Guernsey, Channel Islands. Equipment: CPC1100 Telescope, Cannon 1100D.
Messier 5 by Peter Brown, Guernsey, Channel Islands. Equipment: CPC1100 Telescope, Cannon 1100D.
M5 Globular Cluster by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: SBIG STL-11000M camera, Baader LRGB filters, 10
M5 Globular Cluster by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: SBIG STL-11000M camera, Baader LRGB filters, 10" f/6.8 ASA astrograph, MI-250 mount, STL-11000's internal guider, FocusMax.
M53 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron c11 sct, skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L  camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik Ha LRGB filter set.
M53 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron c11 sct, skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik Ha LRGB filter set.
M53 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L  camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
M53 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
Globular Cluster M56 by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: SBIG STL-11000M, Baader LRGB filters, 10
Globular Cluster M56 by Ron Brecher, Ontario, Canada. Equipment: SBIG STL-11000M, Baader LRGB filters, 10" f/6.8 ASA astrograph, MI-250, STL-11000's internal guider, FocusMax, Maxim-DL.
M71 - Globular Cluster in Sagittarius by Bill McSorley, Leeds, UK. Equipment: SW 150P Newtonian, EQ5 GoTo Mount, QHY8L OSC cooled CCD camera.
M71 - Globular Cluster in Sagittarius by Bill McSorley, Leeds, UK. Equipment: SW 150P Newtonian, EQ5 GoTo Mount, QHY8L OSC cooled CCD camera.
Messier 72 by Ron Brecher, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Equuipment: SBIG STL-11000M, Baader Ha, R, G and B filters, 10
Messier 72 by Ron Brecher, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Equuipment: SBIG STL-11000M, Baader Ha, R, G and B filters, 10" f/6.8 ASA astrograph, Paramount MX, QHY5 guide camera, 80 mm f/6 Stellar-Vue refractor, TheSkyX, FocusMax.
M92 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L  camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
M92 Globular Cluster by Mark Griffith, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK. Equipment: Celestron C11 Sct, Skywatcher NEQ6 pro mount, Atik 383L camera, motorised filter wheel and Astronomik filters.
Palomar 12 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT
Palomar 12 by Dan Crowson, Animas, New Mexico, USA. Equipment: SBIG STF-8300M, Astro-Tech AT12RCT

Ron Brecher observes deep sky objects from his driveway in Ontario, Canada, while simultaneously imaging from his observatory. His images, article and more are available at astrodoc.ca.

This guide originally appeared in the May 2021 issue of BBC Sky at Night Magazine.

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